@article{ 
author = {Rajabi, Somayeh and ChahkandiNejad, Hadi and Naseh, Majid Rez},  
title = {Lyapunov-Based Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller for Active Power Filter}, 
abstract ={In this paper, a Lyapunov-based adaptive 2nd-order sliding mode controller is proposed to control the current in an active power filter (APF). The penetration of APFs has been exponentially increased because of their high flexibility and fewer resonance problems. Moreover, they can compensate high range of current harmonics and reactive power. The voltage and current control loops have always been interesting areas for researchers since the satisfactory performance of the APF is highly dependent on these control loops. A sliding mode controller (SMC) is a mighty controller when uncertain conditions are considered. However, in order to reduce the chattering- high-frequency switching- and improve the steady state operation, stability, and robustness of the controller, it is usually decided to adaptively tune the gains of the controller. In this paper, a simple-structure adaptive SMC (ASMC) is proposed which can be implemented easily. This ASMC is shown to be stable using the Lyapunov theorem and proved with SIMULINK simulation that it has less steady state error, less chattering, and faster dynamic response compared to the conventional SMC.},  
Keywords = {Active Power Filter, Adaptive, Robustness, Sliding Mode Controller, Stability},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-9}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.2919},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-2919-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-2919-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Amiri, Farhad and Moradi, Mohammad H.},  
title = {Design of the PD-FOPID Controller Based on Rain Optimization Algorithm to Improve Virtual Inertia Control Performance in Islanded Microgrids}, 
abstract ={Low inertia is one of the most important challenges for frequency maintenance in islanded microgrids. To address this issue, the innovative concept of Virtual Inertia Control (VIC) has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing frequency stability in such systems. This paper presents an advanced controller, the PD-FOPID, as a highly effective technique for improving the efficiency of VIC in islanded microgrids. By leveraging the Rain Optimization Algorithm (ROA), this approach enables precise fine-tuning of the controller's parameters. A key advantage of the proposed method is its inherent resilience to disruptions and uncertainties caused by parameter fluctuations in islanded microgrids. To evaluate its performance and compare it with alternative control methods, extensive assessments were conducted across various scenarios. The comparison includes VIC based on an H-infinity controller (Controller 1), VIC based on an MPC controller (Controller 2), Adaptive VIC (Controller 3), VIC based on an optimized PI controller (Controller 4), conventional VIC (Controller 5), and systems without VIC (Controller 6). The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology significantly outperforms existing approaches in the field of VIC. The simulations were conducted using MATLAB software.},  
Keywords = {Converter, PD-FOPID controller, Rain optimization algorithm, Performance},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {10-25}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3030},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3030-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3030-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ramezani, Nabiollah and ShahnazdoostKilvaei, Mohse},  
title = {A New Procedure Based on Continuous RTU Measurement to Estimate Multi-port Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Parameters of an External Power System}, 
abstract ={In this paper, a novel method is presented that can accurately estimate the Thevenin equivalent circuit parameters of an external power system by RTUs. The presented method is based on the simultaneous measurements of the desired points in the boundary system, which includes the bus voltage amplitude, the current amplitude of the boundary transmission lines, as well as active and reactive power, and is continuously active until the Thevenin equivalent circuit model would be available online. The practical application of the proposed method is related to online monitoring and control of wide-area power systems as well as their development design. Also, the innovation of the method is the accurate estimation of the Thevenin equivalent circuit model from part of the power network where information is not available. In the proposed method, an additional measurement and the least squares method are used to eliminate measurement errors in order to accurately estimate the parameters of the equivalent circuit model. In order to avoid providing the wrong equivalent circuit model due to external system changes, a method is presented that can track the correct system changes to continuously monitor the disturbances. The proposed method performance has been implemented and validated by DigSILENT software.},  
Keywords = {Thevenin equivalent circuit, Continuous synchronized amplitude measurement, Equivalent external system, Remote measurement unit (RTU).},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {26-41}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3141},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3141-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3141-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mobini-Serajy, Zahra and Radmehr, Mehdi and Ghorbani, Alirez},  
title = {A Dynamic Control Approach for AC Micro-Grids Including Non-Inverter and Inverter Based Energy Resources}, 
abstract ={Microgrids harness the benefits of non-inverter and inverter-based Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in grid-connected and island environments. Adoption of them with the various types of electric loads in modern MGs has led to stability and power quality issues. In this paper, a two-level control approach is proposed to overcome these problems. A state-space dynamic model is performed for Micro-Grids, for this goal, the state-space equations for generation, network, and load components are separately developed in a local DQ reference frame, and after linearization around the set point, then combining them into a common DQ reference frame. In the first level, the control of inverter-based DERs and some types of loads with fast response are activated, and in the second level, the control of synchronous diesel generator resources with slower response is used. In order to validate and evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach, numerical studies have been established on a standard test MG under normal and symmetrical three-phase fault conditions. Finally, the simulation results are summarized.},  
Keywords = {Micro-Grid (MGs), Optimal Control, Stability, Dynamic Control, DQ Reference frame, Non-Inverter and Inverter based Distributed Energy Resources (DERs).},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {42-63}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3174},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3174-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3174-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Upadhyay, Mon Prakash and Deo, Arjun and Vedratnam, Ajitanshu},  
title = {Advancements and Optimisation Strategies in Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BIPVT) Systems}, 
abstract ={This paper provides an overview of the current innovations in Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal Systems. This paper briefly describes varying performance evaluation techniques, optimisation techniques, and the environmental impact and cost implication of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal systems. The results reveal high energy-pin efficiency with Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal systems of over 50% and more efficient than when the two systems are incorporated separately. Exergy analysis is a more insightful means of analyzing system effectiveness than energy analysis. The paper covers the current algorithms for various optimisation algorithms such as Genetic Algorithms and Particle Swarm Optimisation that provide enhanced utilization improvements. An evaluation of the environmental impact of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal in terms of carbon dioxide emission reduction and building energy optimisation is made. The results of the life cycle cost studies show that, even though the initial cost is higher than conventional solutions, the overall economic profit is more significant in the future. Some of the challenges described in the paper include increased initial costs and sophisticated integration procedures. In contrast, possible future developments include new materials, Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal system standardization, and integration in smart grids. This review is intended to be a state-of-the-art source of information for researchers, engineers, architects, and policymakers involved in enhancing sustainable building technologies using building-integrated photovoltaic thermal systems.},  
Keywords = {Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal (BiPVT), Optimisation Techniques, Smart Grid Integration, Sustainable Building Design},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {64-82}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3250},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3250-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3250-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kundu, Shuvojit and Ahmed, Tuhel and UDDIN, JIA},  
title = {Modeling and simulation of piezoelectric-based train-induced vibration energy harvester railway track monitoring system}, 
abstract ={This study aims to evaluate a cantilever beam type piezoelectric energy harvester operating on train-induced vibrations for powering Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) used in railway track monitoring systems. Harvester's behaviors under different conditions are simulated in MATLAB using the analytical model. Natural frequency, maximum deflection, and stress are calculated with greater precision using eigen frequency and stationary analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics. At a base excitation of 2 g and a resonant frequency of 4.38 Hz, the simulated results showed that the developed energy harvester prototype could generate up to 14 V of AC output voltage and 550 mW of output power. These findings highlight the promising potential of the proposed energy harvester for transforming train mechanical energy into electrical power. This energy harvester's viability and dependability for real-world applications in monitoring railway tracks are supported by developed analytical and simulation models.},  
Keywords = {COMSOL Multiphysics, Energy harvester, Train-induced vibration, Railway track monitoring.},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {83-94}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3276},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3276-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3276-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AlizadehAliabadi, Mohammadreza and Karimi, Mohsen and Karimi, Zahra and soheiliFard, Mehr},  
title = {The Effect of Photoplethysmography Signal Denoising on Compression Quality}, 
abstract ={Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals provide a non-invasive means of monitoring cardiovascular status during physical exercise; however, they are prone to noise, especially motion artifacts (MA). For specific telemedicine applications, compression is necessary for tasks such as PPG signal generation and secure data transmission. In this study, the investigation focused on determining whether it is better to perform compression before or after noise removal by applying a noise removal method and various compression methods. To achieve the aim, the study explored a subspace-based denoising method called "Maximum Uncorrelated PPG Denoising." Additionally, signal compression methods were examined in nine distinct steps. Compression quality is evaluated using various criteria, such as compression rate (CR) and Percentage Root Mean Square Difference (PRD). The results showed that regardless of the type of compression method, it is better not to remove noise before the compression process because doing so reduces CR and increases PRD.},  
Keywords = {Photoplethysmography (PPG), signal denoising, compression ratio (CR), Percentage Root Mean Square Difference (PRD).},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {95-108}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3277},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3277-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3277-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abdollahvand, Mousa and Sobhi-givi, Sim},  
title = {DRL-based Joint Beamforming and Power Allocation in Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligence Surface 6G Systems}, 
abstract ={This paper introduces a new method for improving wireless communication systems by employing beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) alongside deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques. BD-RIS represents a departure from traditional RIS designs, providing advanced capabilities for manipulating electromagnetic waves to optimize the performance of communication. We propose a DRL-based framework for optimizing the UAV and configuration of BD-RIS elements, including hybrid beamforming, phase shift adjustments, and transmit power coefficients for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) transmission by considering max-min fairness. Through extensive simulations and performance evaluations, we demonstrate that BD-RIS outperforms conventional RIS architectures. Additionally, we analyze the convergence speed and performance trade-offs of different DRL algorithms, emphasizing the importance of selecting the appropriate algorithm and hyper-parameters for specific applications. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of BD-RIS and DRL in enhancing wireless communication systems, laying the groundwork for next-generation network optimization and deployment.},  
Keywords = {Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Beyond Diagonal-Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (BD-RIS), Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), Hybrid Beamforming, Reinforcement Learning (RL).},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {109-120}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3301},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3301-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3301-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Debbarma, Sajal and Sarkar, Dipu},  
title = {Generator Rescheduling Based Congestion Management in Power System Deregulation Using the Cheetah Optimization}, 
abstract ={Transmission line congestion is more severe and persistent in deregulated power systems than it is in traditionally controlled power systems. In a deregulated power market (DPM) scenario, transmission line congestion is one of the most critical problems. To guarantee the electricity system framework runs consistently and securely, the independent system operator (ISO) controls congestion. Congestion management (CM), which takes into account the inherent uncertainties of the restructured power system, is essential to the functioning and security of DPM. This article demonstrates how to control congestion with generation rescheduling. The system is designed in such a way that it helps the traders to compete and trade using the bid prices. Network security is maintained by keeping all constraints within the allowed limits via the Newton-Raphson load flow. An innovative Cheetah Optimizer is employed to handle the congestion management challenge. The weighted sum approach is used instead of multiobjective optimization to simplify the problem as a single-objective optimization, solve the issue for multiple instances of congestion, and be tested in an IEEE 30 bus system. The MATLAB software serves as a tool for modeling the full process, and the results acquired with the Cheetah optimizer give better results than the conventional optimization technique.},  
Keywords = {Congestion management, cheetah optimizer, deregulated power system},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {121-141}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3310},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3310-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3310-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jalalian-Ebrahimi, Mostafa and Shamsi-Nejad, M. A.},  
title = {Enhancing Misalignment Tolerance in Inductive Power Transfer System to Maintain Stable Power Transfer and Improve the Efficiency for Battery Charging}, 
abstract ={This paper proposes an inductive power transfer (IPT) system to maintain stable power transfer and improve efficiency for battery charging performance across a wide range of coupling coefficient variations. The proposed IPT system uses series-series (S-S) and series-inductor-capacitor-inductor (S-LCL) compensation. In both compensation configurations, the rectifier operates in half-bridge (HB) and full-bridge (FB) modes. By using the correct switching pattern between compensation networks and the rectifier, four transfer power-coupling coefficient (P-k) curves are created. A 400 W prototype simulated in MATLAB demonstrates that, with the proposed method, output power fluctuation is limited to only 3% for coupling coefficients varying from 0.1 to 0.4, with system efficiency ranging from 80% to 95.9%. Compared to other methods, the proposed structure provides stable power transfer over an ultra-wide coupling variation and does not require special coil design, clamp circuit design, or complex control.},  
Keywords = {Inductive Power Transfer (IPT), transfer power-coupling coefficient (P-k), Misalignment Tolerance, Power Fluctuation, Coupling Variation.},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {142-152}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3333},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3333-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3333-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kamali, Mehrdad and Rezaeealam, Behrooz and Rezaee-Alam, Farh},  
title = {Voltage Difference-Based Field-Weakening Control of Double-Rotor Hybrid Excitation Axial Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Motor}, 
abstract ={This paper investigates the operational performance of a novel Double-Rotor Hybrid Excitation Axial Flux Switching Permanent Magnet (DRHE-AFSPM) machine, combining the strengths of Flux-Switching Machines and Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines. The study analyzes the machine's structure and magnetic field adjustment principles, including inductance and flux linkage characteristics. A mathematical model is derived and a vector control-based drive system is established. The loading capacity of the DRHE-AFSPM motor is examined at low speeds using an id = 0 control approach based on a stage control strategy. For high-speed operation, a field-weakening control strategy is implemented, with the field-weakening moment determined based on the voltage difference. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the DRHE-AFSPM motor's ability to fully utilize its torque with id = 0 control, highlighting its strong load capacity. Compared to speed-based field-weakening control strategies, the voltage difference-based approach offers improved inverter output voltage utilization and a broader speed regulation range. These findings suggest that the DRHE-AFSPM motor is a promising candidate for in-wheel motor applications in electric vehicles (EVs).},  
Keywords = {Axial Flux, Hybrid Excitation, Field-weakening control, PM},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {153-167}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3345},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3345-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3345-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {NouriMoqadam, Aslan and mousavi, Seyed Hosei},  
title = {Exploring the Potential of Cloud Fertilization through Electromagnetic Wave Scattering Analysis}, 
abstract ={Electromagnetic waves, with their unique properties, offer promising solutions to environmental challenges. This paper explores the utilization of electromagnetic scattering by droplets for cloud fertilization purposes. Specifically, a linearly polarized plane wave is deployed to stimulate a heterogeneous cloud medium composed of spherical droplets with varying size parameters. Through the application of Generalized Mie Theory (GMT) and Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) at a frequency of 28 GHz, multiple scattering phenomena and local electric fields are meticulously computed. Various scenarios of scattering, encompassing droplet diameters ranging from 500 µm to 700 µm and diverse volume fractions, are meticulously examined. Employing DDA and dyadic calculations, the exerted forces on individual spherical droplets are rigorously evaluated, with precise determination of force direction and components. The simulations robustly affirm the viability of droplet manipulation via plane wave excitation, thereby enhancing the likelihood of droplet collision and consequent cloud fertilization, ultimately leading to precipitation. Furthermore, the parameters of the incident wave can be deliberately adjusted to steer droplets towards denser regions, thereby augmenting the likelihood of successful fertilization events.},  
Keywords = {Droplet, Electromagnetic Scattering, Fertilization, Polarization.},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {168-175}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3415},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3415-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3415-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Do, Trung Kien and Duong, Thanh Long},  
title = {Enhancing Load frequency control in power systems using Puma Optimizer – Proportional Integral Derivative Method}, 
abstract ={Frequency instability is one of the causes of severe disturbances in the power system, including load shedding and widespread blackouts. Especially in modern power systems, frequency instability has even more serious consequences due to the propagation occurring in interconnected regions. Load frequency control (LFC) is a powerful tool in power system operation to ensure that the frequency is always within the allowable limits. The control parameters of LFC must be optimally adjusted for stable system operation. However, researchers are currently unable to find a suitable and robust method for optimal tuning of LFC control parameters. The paper proposes the Puma Optimizer (PO) algorithm to optimize the parameters of PID, FOPID, and FOPTID+1 controllers for solving the LFC problem. The proposed PO algorithm is evaluated through two models of single-area and two-area power systems with different power sources, including thermal power, hydropower, and gas power. The simulation results show that the integral time absolute error (ITAE) value of the proposed PO method is smaller by 5.25%, 18.16%, 28.35%, and 59.92% compared to Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Crested Porcupine Optimization (CPO), Newton-Raphson-based optimization (NRBO), and Global Neighborhood Algorithm (GNA), respectively. The results obtained demonstrate that the PO algorithm is a reliable and efficient tool for finding solutions to the LFC problem.},  
Keywords = {Load Frequency Control, Puma Optimizer, Meta-Heuristic, Power system.},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {176-190}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3430},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3430-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3430-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Gholami, Aida and Khodsuz, Masume and Mashayekhi, Valiollah},  
title = {The Lightning Protection Assessment of Distribution Lines with Considering Frequency Grounding System}, 
abstract ={Ensuring the protection of all components within power systems from lightning-induced overvoltage is crucial. The issue of power interruptions caused by both direct and indirect lightning strikes (LS) presents significant challenges in the electrical sector. In medium voltage distribution feeders, the relatively low dielectric strength makes them susceptible to insulation degradation, which can ultimately lead to failures in the distribution system. Therefore, implementing effective protective measures against LS is vital for maintaining an acceptable level of reliability in distribution systems. This paper presents an analytical assessment of LS-induced system overvoltage through high-frequency modeling of components within a 20kV distribution system. The study utilizes EMTP-RV software for precise component modeling, including the grounding system, surge arresters, and distribution feeders. Additionally, the operational impacts of protective devices, such as ZnO surge arresters, shield wires, and lightning rods, are evaluated to mitigate LS-induced overvoltage. A frequency grounding system is implemented using the method of moments (MOM) to analyze the grounding system's influence on LS-induced overvoltage. Furthermore, eight different scenarios are explored to assess the anti-LS capabilities of the 20kV distribution system. Each scenario involves evaluating dielectric breakdown and overvoltage across the insulator chain while proposing suitable protective solutions. The results indicate that the absence of shielding wires and surge arresters leads to higher breakdown voltages, with the lowest breakdown voltage occurring when surge arresters are installed during LS events. Additionally, the use of a frequency grounding system, due to its accurate modeling, yields more precise results compared to a static resistor approach. The MOM simulation reveals a 50% reduction in breakdown voltage under the worst-case scenario, and overall overvoltage experiences a 2% decrease.},  
Keywords = {Distribution System, Frequency Grounding System, Lightning Overvoltage, Surge Arrester.},
volume = {21},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {191-205}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.1.3437},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3437-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3437-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohdMokhtar, Hanim Suraya and AbdulNasir, Aimi Salihah and NaimTajuddin, Mohammad Faridun and AbdulNasir, Muhammad Hafeez and AnandaRao, Kumuthawathe},  
title = {Integrating Deep Transfer Learning and Image Enhancement for Enhancing Defective Photovoltaic Cells Classification in Electroluminescence Images}, 
abstract ={The rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) systems has highlighted the need for efficient and reliable defect detection to maintain system performance. Electroluminescence (EL) imaging has emerged as a promising technique for identifying defects in PV cells; however, challenges remain in accurately classifying defects due to the variability in image quality and the complex nature of the defects. Existing studies often focus on single image enhancement techniques or fail to comprehensively compare the performance of various image enhancement methods across different deep learning (DL) models. This research addresses these gaps by proposing an in-depth analysis of the impact of multiple image enhancement techniques on defect detection performance, using various deep learning models of low, medium, and high complexity. The results demonstrate that mid-complexity models, especially DarkNet-53, achieve the highest performance with an accuracy of 94.55% after MSR2 enhancement. DarkNet-53 consistently outperformed both lower-complexity models and higher-complexity models in terms of accuracy, precision, and F1-score. The findings highlight that medium-depth models, enhanced with MSR2, offer the most reliable results for photovoltaic defect detection, demonstrating a significant improvement over other models in terms of accuracy and efficiency. This research provides valuable insights for optimizing defect detection systems in photovoltaic applications, emphasizing the importance of both model complexity and image enhancement techniques for robust performance.},  
Keywords = {Photovoltaic (PV), Defect Classification, Electroluminescence, Multi-Scale Retinex (MSR), Multi-Scale Retinex 2 (MSR2), Pre-Trained Models.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {1-15}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3571},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3571-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3571-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {SheikAzmi, Muhammad Syafiq and Rosle, Muhamad Hisyam and ShahrolAman, Muhammad Nazrin Shah and AbdAziz, Ali Akbar and Tetegre, Chandr},  
title = {Vacuum-based Robotic Gripper using Vacuum Generator and Soft Suction Cup for Pick-and-Place of Electronic PCB Boards}, 
abstract ={The automation of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) assembly using robotic arms is increasingly essential in the electronics manufacturing industry, driven by the need for high precision and efficiency. A significant challenge in this process is the delicate handling and accurate placement of various types of PCB boards, such as SATA M.2, mSATA, and SATA Slim. This research aims to design and evaluate a vacuum-based robotic gripper using a vacuum generator and soft suction cup for the pick-and-place operations of electronic PCB boards. The methodology involves the design, fabrication, and experimental testing of the vacuum gripper, analyzing its performance across different feed pressures and vacuum levels. The principal results show that the vacuum gripper is highly effective in securely handling different PCB types, with success rates improving significantly at higher feed pressures, particularly at 0.3 MPa where all three PCB types attained perfect success rates of 100%. Specifically, the vacuum flow rates at a vacuum level of 80 kPa were 0.0010 NL/s, 0.002 NL/s, and 0.0030 NL/s for feed pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.2 MPa, and 0.3 MPa, respectively. These findings confirm the vacuum gripper's capability to enhance automation in PCB assembly, offering a scalable and adaptable solution that meets the industry's demands for precision, efficiency, and reliability. Overall, the vacuum gripper demonstrated a 100% success rate for all tested PCB types at optimal feed pressure, significantly improving. This study provides a foundation for future improvements in robotic handling systems for delicate electronic components.},  
Keywords = {Vacuum-based robotic gripper, PCB assembly automation, pick-and-place operations, electronic components handling.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {16-26}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3582},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3582-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3582-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {IBRAHIM, WAN ISMAIL and Sadan, Nasiruddin and Ramli, Noorlina and RiduwanGhazali, Mohd Riduwan Ghazali and Fuad, Ilham},  
title = {Variable Step-size Hill-Climbing Search (VS-HCS) MPPT Algorithm for Hydrokinetic Energy Harnessing}, 
abstract ={Hydrokinetic energy harnessing has emerged as a promising renewable energy that utilizes the kinetic energy of moving water to generate electricity. Nevertheless, the variation and fluctuation of water velocity and turbulence flow in a river is a challenging issue, especially in designing a control system that can harness the maximum output power with high efficiency. Besides, the conventional Hill-climbing Search (HCS) MPPT algorithm has weaknesses, such as slow tracking time and producing high steady-state oscillation, which reduces efficiency. In this paper, the Variable-Step Hill Climbing Search (VS-HCS) MPPT algorithm is proposed to solve the limitation of the conventional HCS MPPT. The model of hydrokinetic energy harnessing is developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The system consists of a water turbine, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), passive rectifier, and DC-DC boost converter. The results show that the power output achieves a 28 % increase over the system without MPPT and exhibits the lowest energy losses with a loss percentage of 0.9 %.},  
Keywords = {Hill-Climbing Search, Hydrokinetic Energy Harnessing, MPPT Algorithm},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {27-35}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3583},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3583-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3583-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {YAHYA, YANAWATI and Shariffuddin, Nor Shafiqin and HisyamJarail, Muhammad Khairul and Maizana, Dina and Alhamrouni, Ibrahim and Rahmat, Mohd Khairil},  
title = {Analysis of Flux Density Distribution Effects on Rotor Bar Models to Improve Energy Efficiency, Environmental Sustainability, and Economic Outcomes in Induction Motors}, 
abstract ={Induction motors are highly favored in industrial applications for their ease of operation, compactness, lightweight, efficiency, low maintenance, and cost-effectiveness. They are widely used in conveyors, compressors, crushers, drills, fans, escalators, refrigerators, and electric vehicles. In Malaysia, industrial motors account for about 48% of energy consumption. This research introduces an improved rotor design with optimized rotor bars. Using MotorSolve (IM) software and theoretical calculations, the study found that the new design boosts energy efficiency. The new rotor bar design achieved an energy efficiency of 76.92%, compared to 74% for the current design. In terms of energy efficiency, this research found that adopting high-efficiency motors in industrial applications can save a significant amount of energy. These motors can also be used in a variety of horsepower ranges. The research suggests a maintenance plan for malfunctioning motors that attempts to reduce energy consumption, motor losses, and CO2 emissions in any apparatus. These results offer valuable insights for policymakers to refine energy policies for induction motors. In the future, real-time estimation of the motor's actual operating loss will be required to properly predict the trend in motor efficiency loss under various failure scenarios, which is consistent with the research goal of reducing energy losses in induction motors.},  
Keywords = {Induction Motor, Energy Efficiency, Bar Type, Bar Size, Bar Conductivity, Energy Saving.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {36-45}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3587},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3587-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3587-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khalid, Malik and Ismail, Baharuddin and Charin, Chanuri and Hasibuan, Arnawan and Almaleeh, Abd Alazeez},  
title = {Power Quality Issues on Jordan Wind Farm Connected to Grid System}, 
abstract ={This paper presents a comprehensive research endeavor focused on evaluating the influence of renewable energy, particularly wind power, on power quality within the context of Jordan's electrical grid. The escalating global demand for energy, coupled with the imperative to curb greenhouse gas emissions, has propelled the rapid adoption of renewable energy sources. Against this backdrop, the study aims to meticulously analyze the effects of wind energy projects on power quality parameters such as voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and power factor. Through an extensive methodology comprising data collection, rigorous analysis, and advanced simulation techniques, actionable insights are provided into the seamless integration of renewable energy into existing grid infrastructures. In this work, power quality parameters like Total Harmonic Distortion, flickers, power frequency, Crest factor, and voltage unbalance are measured at Al-Tafilah Governorate, Jordan. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the development of strategies and guidelines essential for policymakers, engineers, and stakeholders. By fostering a deeper understanding of the interplay between renewable energy and power quality, the findings aim to facilitate the establishment of a sustainable and resilient energy system in Jordan. Beyond mitigating climate change and enhancing energy security, this research underscores the pivotal role of renewable energy in ushering in a greener, cleaner future for generations to come.},  
Keywords = {Wind Power, Power Quality, Total Harmonic Distortion, Grid Integration},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {46-53}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3588},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3588-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3588-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {FADZAIL, NOOR FAZLIANA and Zali, Samila Mat and Mid, Ernie Che},  
title = {Double Sigmoid Activation Function for Fault Detection in Wind Turbine Generator using Artificial Neural Network}, 
abstract ={The activation function has gained popularity in the research community since it is the most crucial component of the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. However, the existing activation function is unable to accurately capture the value of several parameters that are affected by the fault, especially in wind turbines (WT). Therefore, a new activation function is suggested in this paper, which is called the double sigmoid activation function to capture the value of certain parameters that are affected by the fault. The fault detection in WT with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is the basis for the ANN algorithm model that is presented in this study. The ANN model was developed in different activation functions, namely linear and double sigmoid activation functions to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed activation function. The findings indicate that the model with a double sigmoid activation function has greater accuracy than the model with a linear activation function. Moreover, the double sigmoid activation function provides an accuracy of more than 82% in the ANN algorithm. In conclusion, the simulated response demonstrates that the proposed double sigmoid activation function in the ANN model can effectively be applied in fault detection for DFIG based WT model. },  
Keywords = {Activation Function, Fault Detection, Artificial Neural Network, Machine Learning, Doubly Fed Induction Generator, Wind Turbine.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {54-64}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3593},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3593-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3593-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Junos, Mohamad Haniff and MohdKhairuddin, Anis Salwa and AbuBakar, Elmi and Hawary, Ahmad Faizul},  
title = {Enhanced Lightweight YOLO Model for Efficient Vehicle Detection in Satellite Imagery}, 
abstract ={Vehicle detection in satellite images is a challenging task due to the variability in scale and resolution, complex background, and variability in object appearance. One-stage detection models are currently state-of-the-art in object detection due to their faster detection times. However, these models have complex architectures that require powerful processing units to train while generating a large number of parameters and achieving slow detection speed on embedded devices. To solve these problems, this work proposes an enhanced lightweight object detection model based on the YOLOv4 Tiny model. The proposed model incorporates multiple modifications, including integrating a Mix-efficient layer aggregation network within its backbone network to optimize efficiency by reducing parameter generation. Additionally, an improved small efficient layer aggregation network is adopted in the modified path aggregation network to enhance feature extraction across various scales. Finally, the proposed model incorporates the Swish function and an extra YOLO head for detection. The experimental results evaluated on the VEDAI dataset demonstrated that the proposed model achieved a higher mean average precision value and generated the smallest model size compared to the other lightweight models. Moreover, the proposed model achieved real-time performance on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano. These findings demonstrate that the proposed model offers the best trade-offs in terms of detection accuracy, model size, and detection time, making it highly suitable for deployment on embedded devices with limited capacity.},  
Keywords = {Lightweight architecture, Modified YOLO, Satellite Image, Vehicle Detection.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {65-77}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3596},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3596-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3596-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AhmadSabri, Syazwan and AbdulRahim, Siti Rafidah and Azmi, Azralmukmin and Azmi, Syahrul Ashikin and Hussain, Muhamad Hatta and Musirin, Ismail},  
title = {A Comparative Study on DG Placement Using Marine Predator and Osprey Algorithms to Enhance Loss Reduction Index in the Distribution System}, 
abstract ={The Marine Predator Algorithm (MPA) and Osprey Optimization Algorithm (OOA) are nature-inspired metaheuristic techniques used for optimizing the location and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in power distribution systems. MPA simulates marine predators' foraging strategies through Lévy and Brownian movements, while OOA models the hunting and survival tactics of ospreys, known for their remarkable fishing skills. Effective placement and sizing of DG units are crucial for minimizing network losses and ensuring cost efficiency. Improper configurations can lead to overcompensation or undercompensation in the network, increasing operational costs. Different DG technologies, such as photovoltaic (PV), wind, microturbines, and generators, vary significantly in cost and performance, highlighting the importance of selecting the right models and designs. This study compares MPA and OOA in optimizing the placement of multiple DGs with two types of power injection which are active and reactive power. Simulations on the IEEE 69-bus reliability test system, conducted using MATLAB, demonstrated MPA’s superiority, achieving a 69% reduction in active power losses compared to OOA’s 61%, highlighting its potential for more efficient DG placement in power distribution systems. The proposed approach incorporates a DG model encompassing multiple technologies to ensure economic feasibility and improve overall system performance.},  
Keywords = {Distributed Generation, Nature Inspired Algorithm, Marine Predator Algorithm, Osprey Optimization Algorithm, MATLAB, Power Distribution, IEEE 69-Bus, Loss Reduction Index.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {78-87}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3611},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3611-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3611-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Leong, Ying Foo and M.Nasir, Nizaruddin and Ab-Ghani, Suliana and Jaalam, Norazila and Ramlan, Nur Hu},  
title = {Online-Tuning Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Particle Swarm Optimization Proportional-Integral (FLC-PSO-PI) For Multilevel Inverter of Output Voltage Regulation}, 
abstract ={This paper focuses on the application of a cascaded multilevel inverter, specifically the 5-level multilevel inverter, utilizing a proposed controller known as the FLC-PSO-PI controller. The primary challenge addressed in this research is the precise regulation of output voltage in the multilevel inverter during load variations while meeting voltage harmonic and transition requirements as per industry standards, which are the 10 % voltage limit recommended by IEC and 8 % of total harmonic distortion (THD) by IEEE. An innovative solution is proposed by integrating PSO and FLC to dynamically adapt the controller in real-time, ensuring stable and accurate output voltage regulation. The proposed controller is designed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, and its performance is compared with PSO-PI and no controller under various load conditions. The results demonstrate that the FLC-PSO-PI controller significantly enhances output voltage regulation were achieving the desired peak voltage and low THD across different load scenarios, including half load to full load (0.8 %) and no load to full load (0.89 %). Furthermore, the FLC-PSO-PI controller exhibits superior transient response characteristics, such as reduced overshooting (2.89 %), faster rise time at 36.946 µs, and satisfactory settling time at 151.014 µs. This research contributes to the advancement of multilevel inverter technology and its potential applications in renewable energy systems, motor drives, and grid-connected devices. The proposed FLC-PSO-PI controller offers a promising solution for precise voltage regulation in multilevel inverters, enhancing their performance and enabling widespread adoption in various industrial sectors.},  
Keywords = {Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHMI), Proportional-Integral (PI), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {88-98}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3614},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3614-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3614-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohdIderis, Nurul Syahirah and Ali, Hasimah and ZanarAzalan, Mohd Shuhanaz and TengkuAmran, Tengku Sarah},  
title = {Hyperbolic Detection of Ground Penetrating Radar for Buried Pipes Utilities Using Viola Jones}, 
abstract ={GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) is well-known as an effective non-invasive imaging approach for shallow nature underground discovery, like finding and locating submerged objects. Although GPR has achieved some success, it is difficult to automatically process GPR images because human experts must interpret GPR images of buried objects. This can happen due to the possibility of a variety of mediums or underground noises from the environment, especially rocks and roots of trees. Thus, detecting hyperbolic echo characteristics is critical. As a result, Viola Jones detection is used to determine whether the presence of a hyperbolic signature underground indicates a pipe or not. GPR can also be used in the public works department because it is a non-destructive tool. Workers, for example, should be aware of the pipe size that must be replaced when it leaks. The original GPR image already shows hyperbolic image distortion due to pipe refraction. The current method is unreliable due to its lack of flexibility. As a result, there is another method for resolving this issue. Thus, the image will be pre-processed to eliminate or reduce background noise in the GPR input image. The results of this project demonstrate that the Viola Jones algorithm can accurately detect hyperbolic patterns in GPR images.},  
Keywords = {ground penetrating radar (GPR), image pre-processing, hyperbolic detection, Viola Jones.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {99-106}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3615},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3615-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3615-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zahalan, Arizadayana and MatZali, Samila and CheMid, Ernie and Fadzail, Noor Fazli},  
title = {Analysis of Fault Detection and Classification in Photovoltaic Arrays Using Neural Network-Based Methods}, 
abstract ={Photovoltaic (PV) systems are vital in the global renewable energy landscape because of their capability to harness solar energy efficiently. Ensuring the continuous and efficient operation of PV systems is crucial in maximizing their energy contribution. However, these systems' reliability and safety remain critical because they are prone to various faults, mainly when operating in harsh environmental conditions. This study addresses these issues by exploring fault detection and classification in PV arrays using neural network (NN) -based techniques. A PV array model, consisting of 3x6 PV modules, was simulated using MATLAB Simulink to replicate real-world conditions and analyse various fault scenarios. An open circuit, a short circuit, and a degrading fault are the three types of faults considered in this study. The NN was trained on a dataset generated from the MATLAB Simulink model, encompassing normal operating and fault conditions. This training enables the network to learn the distinctive patterns associated with each fault type, enhancing its detection accuracy and classification capabilities. Simulation results demonstrate that the NN-based approach effectively identifies and classifies the three types of faults.},  
Keywords = {Photovoltaic Arrays, Fault Detection, Fault Classification, Neural Network},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {107-115}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3617},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3617-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3617-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {HaryantoS, Edy Victor and AbdulNasir, Aimi Salihah and YusoffMashor, Mohd and Riza, Bob Subhan and Mohamed, Zeehai},  
title = {Deep Learning for Identification Malaria Diseases from Microscopic Image}, 
abstract ={Malaria is a parasitic disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing complications and improving patient outcomes. Microscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, but it is time-consuming and requires skilled technicians. Deep learning has emerged as a promising tool for automated image analysis, including malaria diagnosis. In this study, we propose a novel approach for identifying malaria parasites in microscopic images using the GoogLeNet. Our method includes enhancement with the AGCS method, color transformation with grayscale, adaptive thresholding for segmentation, extraction, and GoogLeNet-based classification. We evaluated our method on a dataset of malaria blood smear images and achieved an accuracy of 95%, demonstrating the potential of GoogLeNet for automated malaria diagnosis.},  
Keywords = {Malaria diseases, deep learning, microscopic image, identification},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {116-123}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3630},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3630-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3630-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohdZawawi, Murni Nabila and MatIsa, Zainuddin and Ismail, Baharuddin and Arshad, Mohd Hafiz and CheMid, Ernie and Talib, Md Hairul Nizam and Zambak, Muhammad Fitr},  
title = {Harmonics Elimination of Reduced Switch Multilevel Inverter Using Henry Gas Solubility Optimization Algorithm}, 
abstract ={This study introduces a pioneering method to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of three-phase five-level reduced switch cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters (CHB MLI) by employing the Henry Gas Solubility Optimization (HGSO) algorithm. Targeting the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique, the research emphasizes the optimization of switching angles to significantly reduce total harmonic distortion (THD) and align the fundamental output voltage closely with the reference voltage. Central to this exploration are three distinct objective functions (OFs), meticulously designed to assess the HGSO algorithm’s performance across various modulation indices. Simulation results, facilitated by PSIM software, illustrate the impactful role these objective functions play in the optimization process. OF1 demonstrated a superior ability in generating low OF values and maintaining a consistent match between reference and fundamental voltages across the modulation index spectrum. Regarding the reduction of THD, it is crucial to emphasize that all OFs can identify the most effective switching angle to minimize THD and eliminate the fifth harmonic to a level below 0.1%. The findings highlight the potential of HGSO in solving complex optimization challenges within power electronics, offering a novel pathway for advancing modulation strategies in CHB MLIs and contributing to the development of more efficient, reliable, and compact power conversion systems.},  
Keywords = {Henry Gas Solubility Optimization Algorithm, Multilevel Inverter, Reduced Switch, Selected Harmonic Elimination.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {124-135}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3631},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3631-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3631-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hardi, Surya and R.A.Bukit, Ferry and Nofri, Irfan and R.Wirasari, Riza and HafiziIdris, Muhd and Isa, Muzamir},  
title = {Back Flashover Voltage on Transmission Tower of 275 KV Extra High Voltage Line (Case Study: Galang-Binjai)}, 
abstract ={Overvoltage at the insulator terminal caused by a lightning strike can occur in two ways, i.e., a direct lightning strike on the phase line and ground wire. The insulator can be exposed to the phenomenon of back flashover (BFO) if the terminal voltage of the insulator is higher than its insulator critical voltage The lightning current characteristics are distinguished by the maximum current and the steepness. Differences in the characteristics in this study are identified as International Electrical Commission (IEC) and Conseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (CIGRE) impulse waveform standards. The footing-tower grounding system comes in different configurations, such as horizontal, vertical, and grid. Alternative transient program (ATP) software was used for simulating lightning strikes on ground wire and phase lines. The results exhibit that the highest critical voltage of the insulators on the footing tower through grid grounding when the surge current strikes ground wire (3308kV – 3395 kV), with the magnitude of the lightning current ranging from (48 kA – 3395 kA). For lightning direct stroke on the phase line, the critical voltage on vertical grounding is highest on (2938 kV -3021 kV).  The surge current flow footing-tower is highest on the grid. The currents magnitude flow in footing tower were influenced by impedance of grounding.},  
Keywords = {Back flashover voltage, Lightning current, String insulator, footing-tower grounding and ATP software.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {136-145}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3634},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3634-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3634-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tang, Jia Wen and Wooi, Chin Leong and Tan, Wen Shan and Zaini, Nur Hazirah and Wu, Yuan Kang and NizambinMdArshad@Hashim, Syahru},  
title = {Impact of Temperature and Irradiance on PV Array Performance and Withstand Voltage}, 
abstract ={Photovoltaic (PV) energy is increasingly recognized as an environmentally friendly source of renewable energy. Integrating PV systems into power grids involves power electronic inverters, adding complexity and evolving traditional grids into smarter systems. Ensuring the reliability of decentralized PV generation is crucial, particularly as PV systems are often exposed to extreme weather conditions. This study investigates the impact of temperature and solar radiation on the performance of a PV array, focusing on key characteristics such as open-circuit voltage (VOC), short-circuit current (ISC), and maximum power (PMAX). Using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations, the study analyses these characteristics under varying temperatures (5°C to 45°C) and radiation levels (200 W/m² to 1200 W/m²). Results indicate that VOC increases with higher irradiance but decreases with higher temperatures. ISC increases with both higher radiation and temperature, while PMAX is optimized at high irradiance and low temperatures. The impulse withstand voltage (Vimp), a critical factor for PV system reliability, is assessed according to the PD CLC/TS 50539-12 standard. Findings reveal that at low temperatures and high radiation, the Vimp requirement is highest, emphasizing the need for robust voltage protection in PV systems. These insights underscore the importance of considering local climate conditions and implementing effective thermal management to enhance the performance and reliability of PV systems.},  
Keywords = {Solar PV Array, Temperature, Radiation, Impulse Withstand Voltage.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {146-153}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3635},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3635-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3635-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AbdWahab, Nurul Husna and Mat, Mohd Hafizuddin and MdJamal, Norezmi and Ramli, Nur Hidayah},  
title = {Advanced Control Strategies for Managing Circulating Currents in Islanded Microgrid Inverters}, 
abstract ={In islanded microgrids, circulating currents among parallel inverters pose significant challenges to system stability and efficient power distribution. Traditional droop control methods often struggle to manage these currents effectively, leading to inefficiencies and potential system damage. This study introduces an advanced fuzzy-robust droop control strategy that integrates fuzzy logic with robust droop control to address these challenges. By incorporating fuzzy logic, the proposed strategy enhances the adaptability of droop control to varying system conditions, improving the management of circulating currents and ensuring more accurate power sharing among inverters. Comprehensive mathematical modeling and extensive simulation analyses validate the performance of this control strategy. The results show that the fuzzy-robust droop control method significantly outperforms conventional approaches, achieving up to a 70% reduction in circulating currents. This improvement leads to a substantial reduction in power losses and enhances the dynamic response under varying load conditions. Additionally, the strategy improves voltage and frequency regulation, contributing to the overall stability and reliability of the microgrid. The findings provide a robust solution to the longstanding issue of circulating currents, optimizing microgrid operations, and paving the way for more efficient and resilient distributed energy systems. The advanced control strategy presented in this study not only addresses critical challenges but also demonstrates the potential for innovative methodologies to meet the growing demands of future energy infrastructures, where reliability and efficiency are essential.},  
Keywords = {Circulating current, Fuzzy-Robust control, islanded microgrid, power-sharing, fuzzy logic, robust droop},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {154-162}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3636},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3636-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3636-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohdRadzi, Mohd Zulhisham and Ismail, Baharuddin and Azizan, Muhammad Mokhzaini},  
title = {Impact of Nonlinear and Unbalanced Loads on Neutral Conductors in Three-Phase Systems: Modelling and Simulation Analysis}, 
abstract ={The rise of nonlinear and unbalanced loads in modern electrical systems poses challenges to power quality management. These loads, prevalent in electronic devices and industrial equipment, induce harmonic distortions and unbalance, adversely affecting the neutral conductor in three-phase systems. This study investigates these effects through modeling and simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and symmetrical components theory for detailed power quality analysis. The research focuses on three scenarios: nonlinear loads, unbalanced loads, and combined nonlinear-unbalanced loads. Simulation results show that nonlinear loads significantly increase harmonic content, while unbalanced loads lead to notable power quality deviations. When combined, these conditions exacerbate harmonic distortions and unbalance, resulting in higher neutral current magnitudes. Key findings highlight the severe impact of combined load conditions on the neutral conductor, emphasizing the need for accurate modeling and analysis. This research provides valuable insights and practical recommendations for addressing the challenges of nonlinear and unbalanced loads, contributing to improved power system design and management.},  
Keywords = {Power Quality, Unbalanced Load, Nonlinear Load, neutral Current},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {163-172}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3639},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3639-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3639-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohdMukhtar, Sharulnizam and ISA, MUZAMIR and AbdullahAl-Hadi, Azremi},  
title = {Ultra-high Frequency Sensor for Partial Discharges Detection in High Voltage Substation}, 
abstract ={The development of advanced diagnostic tools is critical for the effective monitoring and management of electrical insulation systems. This paper presents the development of an Ultra High Frequency (UHF) sensor designed for the detection of partial discharges (PD) within high-voltage substations. The study focuses on the sensor’s technical development, encompassing design considerations, fabrication processes, and initial performance evaluations in laboratory settings. The engineering principles underlying the sensor design are detailed, including the selection of innovative materials that enhance sensitivity and frequency response. The sensor configuration is tailored to optimize the detection of PD signals, with adjustments made based on simulated PD scenarios. Initial testing results demonstrate the sensor’s capability to detect a range of PD activities, showcasing its potential effectiveness in real-world applications. The sensor's performance is analyzed through a series of controlled lab experiments, which confirm its high sensitivity and broad operational frequency range. This paper not only illustrates the technical specifications and capabilities of the newly developed UHF sensor but also discusses its practical implications for improving the reliability and efficiency of PD monitoring systems in electrical substations.},  
Keywords = {Partial Discharge, UHF Sensor, Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {173-181}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3640},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3640-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3640-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {RUSLI, JULIE ROSLITA and SyahirinDanialNoorShahrin, Muhamad and BintiCheAbduPatah, Nurul Izzati and Ahmad, Izanoordina and MohamadMaharum, Siti Marwangi and IzwanSafie, Sairul},  
title = {Development of a Digital Stethoscope for Enhancing Real-Time Respiratory Diagnostics}, 
abstract ={Digital stethoscopes represent a significant advancement in medical diagnostics, addressing the limitations of traditional auscultation methods, which often suffer from diagnostic delays and inefficient workflows. This digital stethoscope facilitates real-time diagnosis through machine learning and remote monitoring, utilizing the ESP32’s ADC and Wi-Fi capabilities to wirelessly send audio data to a remote server for comprehensive analysis. By integrating modern technologies such as the ESP32 microcontroller and the MAX9814 microphone module, these devices capture and transmit high-fidelity respiratory sounds, overcoming the challenges of imprecision and time lag in conventional methods. Initial tests have demonstrated the device's ability to capture clear respiratory sounds, underscoring its potential for effective remote health monitoring and telemedicine. These improvements aim to enhance diagnostic accuracy, facilitate early diagnosis, and ultimately improve patient outcomes, showcasing the significant potential of digital stethoscopes to transform respiratory diagnostics and patient care, particularly in remote and telemedicine settings. In this research, a prototype of a digital stethoscope for respiratory diagnostics was developed and evaluated. The obtained results from the prototype measurements demonstrated that the proposed system could be a solid starting point for the actual implementation of an advanced respiratory monitoring system.},  
Keywords = {Digital stethoscope, Respiratory diagnostics, Remote health monitoring},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {182-192}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3646},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3646-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3646-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Yan, Huang and nabipourafrouzi, hadi and Wooi, Chin-Leong and Su, Hieng Tiong and Hijazin, Ismat},  
title = {Design and Performance Evaluation of a Novel Time Measurement Calibration Device for Electric Power Systems}, 
abstract ={In order to solve the difficulty of digital signal calibration of electric power equipment, such as low precision, inability to test the full range, and complicated configuration, and further promote the development of power system, a proposed time measurement calibration device is designed, and its performance is verified in this paper. This paper points out the main drawbacks of the existing calibration system, carries on the design innovation of the key technologies based on FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), puts forward the optimization method of the software and hardware, and verifies the accuracy of the input and output signal by experiments. The accuracy of input and output SV, GOOSE, and contact signal of the proposed calibration device in this paper can be better than 10μs, which is a meaningful improvement in accuracy and efficiency for time measurement calibration.},  
Keywords = {Electric power equipment, time measurement, calibration, Field Programmable Gate Array},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {193-202}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3649},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3649-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3649-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohdShukri, Muhammad Naqib and SyedZakaria, Syed Muhammad Mamduh and AliYeon, Ahmad Shakaff and Zakaria, Ammar and Kamarudin, Latifah Munirah},  
title = {Feasibility Analysis of Indoor 3D Localization System with UWB Using Least Squares Trilateration}, 
abstract ={Accurate 3D Localization is very important for a wide range of applications, such as indoor navigation, industrial robotics, and motion tracking. This research focuses on indoor 3D positioning systems using ultra-wideband (UWB) devices.  Two localization experiments were conducted using the Least Squares Trilateration method. In the first experiment, anchors were at the same height, while in the second, they were at varying heights. The lowest percentage errors in the first experiment were 0% at the x-axis, 0.21% at the y-axis, and 19.75% at the z-axis. In the second experiment, the lowest percentage errors in the experiment were 1.98% at the x-axis, 0.68% at the y-axis, and 17.86% at the z-axis, demonstrating improved accuracy with varied anchor heights at the axis. This work shows the z-axis measurements are unreliable and noisy due to the limited intersection of signal waves of each anchor in a same height anchors setup.},  
Keywords = {3D Localization System, Ultra-Wideband, Trilateration.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {203-213}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3650},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3650-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3650-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rodzuan, Nurul Hidayah and MohdNordin, Ili Najaa Aimi and MohdFaudzi, Ahmad ‘Athif and Zulkarnain, Noraishikin and MuhammadRazif, Muhammad Rusydi and MatHassan, Nik Normunira and AbdulHafidz, Muhamad Hazw},  
title = {Segmented Bending Soft Actuator for Enhanced Finger Flexion in Rehabilitation Glove}, 
abstract ={Rehabilitation devices like assistive gloves require bending-type soft actuators for controlled, repetitive finger movements essential for therapy. However, non-segmented actuators often struggle to replicate natural finger articulation, which can cause discomfort and reduce patient compliance. This paper presents the design and assembly of a segmented bending pneumatic soft actuator to achieve index finger flexion, aiming to improve comfort and support natural finger movement at low pressure. The actuator is integrated into a glove with a flexible bend sensor to measure the flexion angle of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Ecoflex 0-50 A-B silicone rubber is used in the fabrication, with air bubbles removed to ensure consistent actuator performance. The study investigates the actuator's performance and the sensor's ability to accurately measure joint flexion. The results, presented through detailed graphs, analyze the actuator’s flexibility, bending, and elongation under different pressure scenarios, offering insights into its effectiveness in improving patient comfort, joint articulation, and rehabilitation outcomes.},  
Keywords = {Assistive Glove, Finger flexion, Flexible Bend Sensor, Segmented Bending Actuator},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {214-222}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3651},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3651-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3651-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ananda-Rao, Kumuthawathe and Taniselass, Steven and Rosmi, Afifah Shuhada and AbdulNasir, Aimi Salihah and Baharudin, Nor Hanisah and Nisja, Indr},  
title = {Design and Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Solar Photovoltaic System}, 
abstract ={This study presents a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)-based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system for solar Photovoltaic (PV) setups, integrating PV panels, a boost converter, and battery storage. While FLC is known for its robustness in PV systems, challenges in battery charging and discharging efficiency can affect performance. The research addresses these challenges by optimizing battery charging, preventing overcharging, and enhancing overall system efficiency. The FLC MPPT system is designed to regulate the battery's State of Charge (SOC) while evaluating system performance under varying solar irradiance and temperature conditions. The system is modeled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink, incorporating the PV system, MPPT algorithm, and models for the PV module and boost converter. System efficiency is assessed under different scenarios, with results showing 97.92% efficiency under Standard Test Conditions (STC) at 1000 W/m² and 25°C. Additionally, mean efficiencies of 97.13% and 96.13% are observed under varying irradiance and temperature, demonstrating the effectiveness of the FLC MPPT in regulating output. The system also extends battery life by optimizing power transfer between the PV module, boost converter, and battery, ensuring regulated SOC.},  
Keywords = {Battery, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), MATLAB/Simulink, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Photovoltaic (PV).},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {223-232}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3657},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3657-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3657-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AbdRahman, Ahmad Syukri and Rohani, Mohamad Nur Khairul Hafizi and AthirahGazata, Nur Dini and Rosmi, Afifah Shuhada and NazmiNanyan, Ayob and MohamedJamil, Aiman Ismail and HalimAbdulMajid, Mohd Helmy and Samsuddin, Normiza Masturi},  
title = {Analysis of Partial Discharge Measurements using Coupling Capacitor in Rotating Machine}, 
abstract ={Partial discharge (PD) is a significant concern in the operation of rotating machines such as generators and motors, as it can lead to insulation degradation over time, reducing the reliability and lifespan of the machines. To monitor PD activity, coupling capacitors (CC) are widely used as sensors for online PD detection, as they can effectively capture PD pulses in high-voltage (HV) rotating machines. The primary objective of this research is to measure and analyze PD signals using a CC sensor for HV rotating machines under varying input voltages and frequencies, following the guidelines of the IEC 60270 standard and utilizing the MPD 600 device. The experimental setup includes performing insulation resistance (IR) testing, PD calibration, and PD measurement. Additionally, this paper provides a detailed study of PD signal characteristics, specifically focusing on phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) patterns, to understand the behavior of PD in HV rotating machines, enhancing fault diagnosis and preventive maintenance strategies.},  
Keywords = {Partial Discharge (PD), Coupling Capacitor (CC), High Voltage Rotating Machine (HVRM), Phase Resolve Partial Discharge (PRPD).},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {233-249}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3661},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3661-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3661-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Zakaria, Z. N. and Laili, M. S. and Rahman, N. A. and Lewin, P. L. and Andritsch, T. and Hussin, N.},  
title = {Electric Field and Space Charge Distribution in Propylene Carbonate Under Continuous DC Electric Field using Kerr Effect}, 
abstract ={The study investigates the electric field and space charge distributions in propylene carbonate under direct current (DC) applied fields using Kerr effect. Propylene carbonate is known for its high permittivity and is utilised in many applications, including electrochemical systems and dielectric materials. Understanding the behaviour of electric fields and space charge distributions within propylene carbonate is critical for optimising its performance in these applications. In the study, Kerr effect is employed which by applying the DC electric field across the test liquid for measuring the electric field and space charge distributions within the propylene carbonate. The experimental setup involved a controlled application of DC fields, and the Kerr effect measurements were conducted using an optical system. The results show significant understandings into the behaviour of space charges and their influence on the electric field distribution in propylene carbonate. Distinct patterns of charge accumulation and electric field distortion were observed and analysed in the dielectric liquid properties and charge transport mechanisms. The relationship between electric fields and space charges in propylene carbonate under DC conditions has been provided by the findings. The study also shows that the Kerr effect is a useful tool for studying electric field distributions in complex materials.},  
Keywords = {Electric field, Space charge, Kerr effect, Propylene carbonate, Dielectric liquid},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {250-259}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3662},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3662-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3662-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mansor, Humairah and AbdulShukor, Shazmin Aniza and ChenKeng, Razak Wong and Khalid, Nurul Syahirah},  
title = {Detection of Indoor Building Lighting Fixtures in Point Cloud Data using SDBSCAN}, 
abstract ={Building fixtures like lighting are very important to be modelled, especially when a higher level of modelling details is required for planning indoor renovation. LIDAR is often used to capture these details due to its capability to produce dense information. However, this led to the high amount of data that needs to be processed and requires a specific method, especially to detect lighting fixtures. This work proposed a method named Size Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (SDBSCAN) to detect the lighting fixtures by calculating the size of the clusters and classifying them by extracting the clusters that belong to lighting fixtures. It works based on Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), where geometrical features like size are incorporated to detect and classify these lighting fixtures. The final results of the detected lighting fixtures to the raw point cloud data are validated by using F1-score and IoU to determine the accuracy of the predicted object classification and the positions of the detected fixtures. The results show that the proposed method has successfully detected the lighting fixtures with scores of over 0.9. It is expected that the developed algorithm can be used to detect and classify fixtures from any 3D point cloud data representing buildings.},  
Keywords = {Clustering, Fixtures, Heuristic, Point Cloud Data, Segmentation.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {260-269}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3663},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3663-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3663-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MohamadMaharum, Siti Marwangi and AzimHamzah, Muhammad Aliff and AhmadYusri, Muhammad Ridzwan and Ahmad, Izanoordi},  
title = {Prototype Development and Experimental Validation for Wind Energy Harvesting from HVAC System for A Charging Station}, 
abstract ={The Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system is commonly found in buildings such as industrial, commercial, residential, and institutional buildings. This HVAC system generates a significant speed of wind flow from its condenser unit. Surprisingly, this wind energy remains unexploited and thus dissipates into the surroundings. This project aims to leverage this unused wind energy from the condenser unit by developing an energy harvesting prototype that harnesses the HVAC system’s wind for a practical charging station. Specifically, a wind turbine is connected to a three-phase 12 VAC generator motor. This connection would efficiently convert wind energy into electrical power. An energy storage module is also incorporated to ensure uninterrupted functionality for the developed charging station prototype. The energy storage module has a substantial capacity of 25Ah, equivalent to a standard socket outlet. This ensures that the energy storage system can fully charge within three hours if there are no interruptions in the turbine's operation. An experimental validation was conducted by supplying different wind speeds to this project prototype, and it was observed that only when the wind speed is above 10 ms-1 does the energy storage system charge, and sockets provide a consistent output. The final output at the socket provided both 230VAC voltage and a USB charging option, making it versatile for users to charge commonly used electrical appliances such as smartphones and laptops. By repurposing this otherwise wasted wind energy, the developed system prototype contributes to cleaner and more sustainable energy utilization. It also converts unused energy into valuable, cleaner energy.},  
Keywords = {Charging Booth/Station, Power Generation, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Environment.},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {270-279}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3664},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3664-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3664-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AbdRahman, Ahmad Syukri and Rohani, Mohamad Nur Khairul Hafizi and AthirahGazata, Nur Dini and Rosmi, Afifah Shuhada and Nanyan, Ayob Nazmi and MohamedJamil, Aiman Ismail and HalimAbdulMajid, Mohd Helmy and Samsuddin, Normiza Masturi},  
title = {A Review of Analysis of Partial Discharge Measurements using Coupling Capacitor in Rotating Machine}, 
abstract ={Partial discharge (PD) is a critical phenomenon in electrical systems, particularly in high-voltage (HV) equipment like transformers, cables, switchgear, and rotating machines. In rotating machines such as generators and motors, PD is a significant concern as it leads to insulation degradation, potentially resulting in catastrophic failure. Effective and reliable diagnostic techniques are essential for detecting and analyzing PD to ensure the operational safety and longevity of such equipment. Various PD detection methods have been developed, including coupling capacitor (CC), high-frequency current transformer (HFCT), and ultra-high frequency (UHF) techniques, each offering unique advantages in assessing the condition of HV electrical systems. Among these, coupling capacitors have gained significant attention due to their ability to improve the accuracy, sensitivity, and efficiency of PD detection in rotating machines. This study focuses on the advancements in coupling capacitor-based techniques and their critical role in enhancing PD diagnostics for monitoring and maintaining high-voltage rotating machinery.},  
Keywords = {Partial Discharge, Coupling Capacitor (CC), Rotating Machine, Ultra-High Frequency (UHF), Phase Resolve Partial Discharge (PRPD).},
volume = {21},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {280-290}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.2.3665},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3665-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3665-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {TALIB, ZAHRAA},  
title = {Mythology Study and Comparison for Quadratic DC-DC Step-up Converters}, 
abstract ={Electronic systems reliant on solar sources need DC voltage over 50 volts; hence, the use of converters is essential to satisfy client requirements. Converters modify the output voltage based on the input voltage. Quadratic DC-DC step-up converters are often used to enhance voltage transfer gain and efficiency. This sort of converter circumvents the issues associated with regular cascaded converters. Alongside the primary aims of its use, the researcher must address the practical aspects of the suggested approach, including duty cycle operational range, output voltage fluctuations, reduction of component consumption, cost, and complexity. This article examines and compares quadratic step-up converter topologies from recent years, highlighting researchers' endeavours to attain high voltage transfer gain, regulated output, and efficiency. The comparison results of the high-gain converter are shown (Table 1) to assist in selecting an appropriate high-gain topology for a particular application. Cross-references should be used there.},  
Keywords = {Quadratic boost, Quadratic step-up, Quadratic boost topologies, Boost converter, QBC comparison.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {1-10}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3224},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3224-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3224-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khourishandiz, Mahdi and Amirkhani, Abdollah},  
title = {Enhancing Privacy by Large Mask Inpainting and Fusion-Based Segmentation in Street View Imagery}, 
abstract ={Protecting privacy in street view imagery is a critical challenge in urban analytics, requiring comprehensive and scalable solutions beyond localized obfuscation techniques such as face or license plate blurring. To address this, we propose a novel framework that automatically detects and removes sensitive objects, such as pedestrians and vehicles, ensuring robust privacy preservation while maintaining the visual integrity of the images. Our approach integrates semantic segmentation with 2D priors and multimodal data from cameras and LiDAR to achieve precise object detection in complex urban scenes. Detected regions are seamlessly filled using a large-mask inpainting technique based on fast Fourier convolutions (FFC), enabling efficient generalization to high-resolution imagery. Evaluated on the SemanticKITTI dataset, our method achieves a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 64.9%, surpassing state-of-the-art benchmarks. Despite its reliance on accurate sensor calibration and multimodal data availability, the proposed framework offers a scalable solution for privacy-sensitive applications such as urban mapping, and virtual tourism, delivering high-quality anonymized imagery with minimal artifacts.},  
Keywords = {Privacy Protection, Street View Imagery, Large Mask Inpainting, Semantic Segmentation, Multi-modality, Lidar.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {11-28}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3300},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3300-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3300-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khademevatan, Gholamreza and jalali, ali},  
title = {EKV Model Based Analog/RF CMOS Design Pre-SPICE Tool}, 
abstract ={A novel simplified EKV model base analog/RF CMOS design pre-SPICE tool is presented in this paper. Addition to facilitating the sizing process, this CAD tool can also optimize circuit characteristics. By having a web address, users can access it without installing any software. Using a graphical and a numerical view, the designer can select degrees of freedom and observe the MOS circuit performance. Through the use of charts versus IC, the graphical view can show tradeoffs in circuit performance in real-time. Charts can be displayed simultaneously in both linear and logarithmic scales. IC CRIT , is also available and can be displayed on the charts. This tool is not limited to one process and it is possible to select different processes. It is efficient for pre-SPICE designs, enhancing intuitive understanding and the designer's experience for future projects while eliminating the need for trial-and-error simulations. Furthermore, the predicted results align well with simulation outcomes, demonstrating the effectiveness of the design and optimization method presented. Two methodologies for selecting optimum ICs are presented by this tool. These are illustrated by the study of linearity indices, AIP3 and IIP3, in one-stage and two-stage differential amplifiers and the design of a single-ended OTA.},  
Keywords = {Enz Krummenacher Vittoz, Radio Frequency, Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis, Computer-aided design, Inversion Coefficient, Critical inversion coefficient. Operational Transconductance Amplifier.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {29-47}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3346},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3346-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3346-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AbouhosseiniDarzi, Mohammad and Mirzaie, Mohammad and ShayeganiAkmal, Amir Abbas and Rahimpour, Ebrahim},  
title = {Calculation and Analysis of the Electric Field of the OIP Bushings under Internal Humidity and Surface Polluted Conditions using FEM}, 
abstract ={Bushings are one of the most important components of electrical equipment such as power transformers, reactors, capacitors. Most of the installed bushings have Oil-Immersed Paper (OIP) insulation structure. Bushing failure is caused by various reasons such as poor manufacturing process, overloading and also poor installation process, but moisture ingress is one of the main reasons of OIP bushing defect during its operation. In this paper, the electric field distribution of OIP bushings in multiple situations are simulated and effects of moisture distribution are analyzed. The simulations are stablished in polluted and clean surfaces of the studied bushing and done by COMSOL Multiphysics Software. The results show that non-uniform moisture distribution has a significant effect on electric fields of OIP insulation. This effect strongly increases with increasing the pollution on the external insulator of the bushing.},  
Keywords = {Finite Element Method (FEM), Moisture, OIP Bushing, Pollution, Transformer},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {48-59}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3360},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3360-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3360-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Talebzadeh, Somayeh and Radfar, Reza and ToloeiAshlaghi, Abbas},  
title = {BIMLP Model Based on Deep Learning for Predicting Electrical Load Demand}, 
abstract ={The accurate prediction of electricity demand is crucial for efficient energy management and grid operation. However, the complexities of demand patterns, weather variability, and socioeconomic factors make it challenging to forecast demand with high accuracy. To address this challenge, this research proposes a novel hybrid machine-learning approach for predicting electricity demand. In this research, first, different regression methods were investigated to solve the problem, the results showed that the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) regression model has the best performance in predicting electricity demand. Furthermore, the proposed system, BIMLP (Bagging-Improved MLP), is designed to iteratively improve its parameters using a binary search algorithm and reduce the learning error using bagging, a technique for ensemble learning. The proposed system was applied to the Electric Power Consumption data set and achieved a value of 0.9734 in the r2 criterion. The results of implementing and evaluating the proposed system demonstrate its satisfactory performance compared to existing techniques.},  
Keywords = {MLP, Bagging, Regression, Electrical load demand},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {60-73}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3373},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3373-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3373-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {HeshmatiMoulaei, Nasibeh and Seyedalian, Seyed Ali and SinaeeOskouie, Alireza and Zarepour, Eis},  
title = {An Experimental Investigation of the Bluetooth Smart for Use in Wearable Home-Care Monitoring Systems}, 
abstract ={As the demand for continuous online remote monitoring of patients grows, the energy consumption of wearable home-care monitoring systems (WHMSs) requires careful evaluation. Selecting the right communication protocol therefore is crucial to minimize energy usage and extend device lifecycles. Recent versions of Bluetooth Smart (IEEE 802.15.1 are promising for WHMSs, offering low energy consumption and extended coverage range. However, their energy consumption in WHMSs remains underexplored. This paper investigates the energy consumption and maximum coverage range of Bluetooth V4.2, V5/1MB and V5/2MB in various home-care environments. We propose a software and hardware-based energy monitoring framework to practically measure the energy consumption of the protocols, conducting extensive experiments in typical home scenarios with obstacles like kitchen cabinets, brick walls, and the human body. Our results show similar power consumption for BLE v4.2 and BLE v5 modules, but the BLE v5/2MB has lower energy usage than BLE v5/1MB due to faster transmission. Additionally, obstacles significantly impact energy consumption and range, with BLE v5/1MB achieving a maximum range of 108m in line-of-sight conditions, which drops to 45m and 29m with brick walls and human bodies, respectively. Finally, the BLE v5/2MB effective range in all experimental scenarios is about 80% of BLE v5/1MB.},  
Keywords = {Bluetooth Low Energy, Energy Consumption Analysis, Wearable Sensors, Internet of Things, Remote Health Monitoring.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {74-89}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3388},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3388-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3388-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {RezaeeAhvanooii, Elahe and Abolmaali, Sheis},  
title = {Efficient Tactile Perception in Robotics: Reducing Data Redundancy through Compression and Normalization in Spiking Graph Convolutional Networks}, 
abstract ={Touch, one of the fundamental human senses, is essential for understanding the environment by enabling object identification and stable movements. This ability has inspired significant advancements in artificial neural networks for object recognition, texture identification, and slip detection applications. However, despite their remarkable capacity to simulate tactile perception, artificial neural networks consume considerable energy, limiting their broader adoption. Recent developments in electronic skin technology have brought robots closer to achieving human-like tactile perception by enabling asynchronous responses to temperature and pressure changes, thereby enhancing robotic precision in tasks like object manipulation and grasping. This research presents a Spiking Graph Convolutional Network (SGCN) designed for processing tactile data in object recognition tasks. The model addresses the redundancy in spiking-format input data by employing two key techniques: (1) data compression to reduce the input size and (2) batch normalization to standardize the data. Experimental results demonstrated a 93.75% accuracy on the EvTouch-Objects dataset, reflecting a 4.31% improvement, and a 78.33% accuracy on the EvTouch-Containers dataset, representing an 18% improvement. These results underscore the SGCN's effectiveness in reducing data redundancy, decreasing required time steps, and optimizing tactile data processing to enhance robotic performance in object recognition.},  
Keywords = {Tactile Perception, Graph Convolutional Network, Spiking Neural Network, Redundancy Reduction, Batch Normalization.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {90-101}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3445},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3445-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3445-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Memarian, Zahra and Majidi, Mahdi},  
title = {2D DOA Estimation of Wideband and FH Signals Using Improved K-means Clustering and Implementation Considerations}, 
abstract ={This paper presents a two-dimensional (2D) direction of arrival (DOA) estimation method based on the popular correlative interferometer (CI) approach, incorporating practical considerations. Leveraging the flexibility of software-defined radio (SDR) platforms, the proposed array antenna model is designed according to the specifications of a dual-channel synchronous USRP B210 receiver and an appropriate RF switch. To enhance the speed and accuracy of 2D DOA estimation for narrowband, wideband (WB), and frequency hopping (FH) signals, this study introduces a method that integrates power spectrum density (PSD) and spectrogram analysis of the receiver’s instantaneous bandwidth with an optimized filter bank, to precisely detect active frequencies and their intervals. Additionally, a fast, modified K-means clustering algorithm is developed to refine DOA estimation for FH and WB signals across multiple active subchannels. Simulation results demonstrate improved DOA estimation accuracy in multipath conditions, particularly at longer distances, with further enhancements achieved through the proposed clustering method.},  
Keywords = {2D DOA Estimation, Wideband, Frequency Hopping, Filter Bank, Modified K-means Clustering.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {102-116}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3523},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3523-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3523-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Emami, Zahra and HalvaeiNiasar, Abolfazl},  
title = {An Improved Strategy for Torque Ripple Reduction of Dual Three-Phase Brushless DC Motor Fed by Two Diode-Clamped, Three-Level Inverters Using Model Predictive Control}, 
abstract ={Multiphase electric motors are useful for industrial and military applications that need high power, fault tolerance control, smooth torque, and the ability to share power and torque compared to conventional three-phase electric motors. One type of Multiphase electric machine is Brushless DC Motors (BLDCM) which uses conventional strategies such as hysteresis current controllers. It has important challenges such as high torque ripple, low efficiency, vibrations, and noise that are undesirable for high power applications such as submarines. This paper proposes a new finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) approach with reduction of computational for diode-clamped three-level (DC3L) inverter fed to dual three-phase BLDCM (DTP-BLDCM) by selecting optimal vectors to solve the above problems. Also, an approach of balancing the voltage of the capacitors in two of the DC3L inverters to reduce torque ripple has been proposed. The results of the suggested MPC method are contrasted and verified with the multiband hysteresis current (MHC) method through simulation. The simulation results specify that the suggested MPC controller works superior than the MHC controller. Also, due to the simplicity and low complexity of the suggested MPC strategy used, the real implementation possibility and performance of the controller are checked by simulations for a 4125-V/2.7-MW/350-RPM DTP-BLDCM.},  
Keywords = {DTP-BLDCM, model predictive control (MPC), the diode-clamped three-level (DC3L) inverter, multiband hysteresis current (MHC) controller.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {117-136}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3542},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3542-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3542-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rahemi, Nerjes and Zarrinnegar, Kurosh and Mosavi, Mohammad Rez},  
title = {A New Stochastic Model to Improve Positioning Accuracy of the Recursive Least Squares Method}, 
abstract ={In determining position using GPS, due to local effects, pseudo-range errors cannot be mitigated by methods such as the use of reference stations or mathematical models; however, by using precise carrier phase observations and deploying a statistically optimal filter such as Phase-Adjusted Pseudo-range (PAPR) algorithm, the error can be significantly reduced. Additionally, the correlation between observations is a factor affecting positioning accuracy. In this paper, by using both pseudo-range and carrier phase observations and taking into account the effect of spatial correlation between observations to determine the variance-covariance matrix, the accuracy of position determination using the recursive Least Squares method is increased. For this purpose, the PAPR algorithm was implemented to reduce error. Next, a non-diagonal variance-covariance matrix was introduced to estimate the variance of the observations based on their spatial correlations. Experimental results on real data show that the proposed method improves positioning accuracy by at least 10% compared to previous methods. To evaluate the complexity of the proposed models, we employed an ARM STM32H743 processor. The findings indicate a modest increase in the proposed model complexity compared to earlier models, along with a substantial improvement in positioning accuracy.},  
Keywords = {GPS, Phase-Adjusted Pseudo-range Algorithm, Recursive Least Squares, Spatial Correlations, Variance-Covariance Matrix.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {137-146}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3551},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3551-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3551-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {NhatTung, Nguye},  
title = {Optimal Multi-Objective Design for Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Distribution System Considering Multi-Scenarios}, 
abstract ={This paper presents an effective approach for determining optimal integration of renewable energy distributed generator (RE-DGs) of solar farms (SFs) and wind farms (WFs) in IEEE 69-node power distribution network (PDN) with target of minimizing (1) the single objective function of total active power loss and (2) multi-objective function including a) total active power loss, b) total reactive power loss, c) the voltage deviation and d) imported energy from the main power gird. Intelligent and adaptive meta-heuristic optimization algorithm called bonobo optimizer (BO) is introduced to address optimization problem considering the changing four seasons of winter, spring, summer and autumn from both generation and consumption. The obtained results from BO show its outstanding performance in determining the suitable installation of SFs and WFs compared with many published methods and implemented methods for two cases of single and multi-objective functions.},  
Keywords = {Solar farms, Wind farms, Bonobo optimizer, Total power loss, The voltage deviation.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {147-163}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3621},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3621-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3621-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hashemi, Seyyedeh Ensiyeh and Behnam, Hami},  
title = {A Review of Ultrasound Imaging Methods and Techniques to Enhance Their Frame Rate}, 
abstract ={Increasing the frame rate of ultrasound imaging while keeping image quality is important for following fast movements, especially the heart. There are different modalities for B-mode image recording, including line-by-line scanning with linear, phased, convex array, synthetic aperture imaging (STA), plane waves (PWI), then the combination of plane waves (CPWI), and so on. Researchers have tried to increase the frame rate in each case using different methods. Three approaches for this aim are data acquisition, post-processing, and beamforming. This article reviews these approaches and their solutions for compensating image quality reduction. Ultrafast ultrasound imaging, which provides exceptional temporal resolution (high frame rate), is promising in diagnosing heart diseases due to its ability to capture rapid heart movements. It can record images faster than conventional imaging, usually exceeding 1000 frames per second. This can be achieved through plane wave imaging (PWI). However, high frame rate data acquisition can lead to a decrease in image quality. Transmitting at different angles and then combining plane wave imaging is a popular method to enhance PWI quality but reduces the frame rate by the number of angles. As a result, researchers have aimed to increase the temporal resolution while compensating for the loss of quality.},  
Keywords = {ultrasound, conventional imaging, plane wave imaging, neural network, frame rate, beamforming.},
volume = {21},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {164-184}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.3.3632},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3632-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3632-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Saxena, Ankit},  
title = {A study on the impact of various modulation and coding schemes on wireless (WiFi-6) performance}, 
abstract ={The performance of wireless networks depends on measuring the radio characteristics between the Access Point (AP) and Client Station (STA) within the same Base Service Set (BSS). In areas with high demand for wireless services, multiple wireless networks may overlap, causing interference and negatively impacting the performance of individual users and networks. This interference makes wireless radio channels more susceptible to interference from surrounding energy, directly affecting wireless networks' throughput. A new spatial reuse IEEE802.11ax standard has provided the solution to address this issue. This standard performs a clear channel assessment procedure between the AP and STA before assigning the channel for traffic, thus reducing channel collision and improving the effectiveness of radio resources in wireless networks. Additionally, the quality and availability of radio resources of overlaying networks would improve the usage of radio channels. This study assesses how spatial reuse, combined with different modulation with coding schemes and clear channel assessment, affects channel throughput. The results show that integrating spatial reuse can boost channel throughput by 18-20%, significantly enhancing network performance.},  
Keywords = {IEEE802.11ax, OBSS, Wifi-6},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {1-11}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3263},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3263-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3263-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Naik, Mahendra Shridhar and SN, Chaitra and K, Amit Kumar},  
title = {Optimal Sink Node Placement and Routing Protocol Evaluation for 6LoWPAN Networks in IoT}, 
abstract ={6LoWPAN is a significant innovation for low-power devices such as sensors and motes, enabling efficient communication in IoT networks. This paper examines the impact of topology and sink node placement on data delivery within these networks, focusing on the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). Various network performance metrics are evaluated to determine optimal routing paths, revealing that increased node density and network size lead to higher delays and congestion. The study highlights that the central placement of the sink node enhances performance. Comparatively, mesh topology outperforms random topology in terms of efficiency. Simulations were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Objective Functions (OFs), specifically OF0 and MRHOF. The results indicate that MRHOF surpasses OF0, with performance improvements scaling with network size.},  
Keywords = {6LoWPAN, IoT, Routing Protocol, QoS, Network Topology.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {12-26}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3376},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3376-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3376-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Golkhatab, Majid and Shahmansoorian, Aref and Davoudi, Mohse},  
title = {Evolutionary Fuzzy Force Control for Effective Mobile Robot Navigation}, 
abstract ={This paper presents a novel hybrid navigation approach for autonomous mobile robots in obstacle-rich environments. The method integrates artificial potential fields for obstacle avoidance with fuzzy logic for path planning, which is optimized by a genetic algorithm to enhance adaptability and robustness to sensor uncertainties. Experimental results demonstrate significant improvements over traditional artificial potential field methods and are validated through real-time implementation on a ROS-based mobile robot.},  
Keywords = {Autonomous Mobile Robot, Fuzzy Logic System Optimization, Hybrid Approach, Path Planning},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {27-43}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3395},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3395-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3395-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mehzabeen, S.M and Gayathri, R and Paramasaivam, Pattunnarajam and A, Ramy},  
title = {Enhancing Hepatitis C Diagnosis: The Impact of SMOTE, Optuna, and SHAP on Detection Methods}, 
abstract ={Hepatitis C virus (HCV) detection is a critical aspect of early intervention and effective management of the disease. This paper presents a comprehensive study focused on enhancing the detection accuracy of HCV through the integration of advanced techniques - SMOTE, Optuna, and SHAP - alongside extensive exploratory data analysis (EDA). The study addresses class imbalance using Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE), optimizes model performance with Optuna for hyperparameter tuning, and provides model interpretability using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations). EDA is leveraged to gain valuable insights into the dataset's characteristics, ensuring robust data preprocessing and feature engineering. The results show 97% improved HCV detection performance, highlighting the efficacy of the proposed methodology in medical diagnostics and aiding healthcare professionals in making informed clinical decisions.},  
Keywords = {Hepatitis C virus, Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique, exploratory data analysis, SHapley Additive exPlanations, machine learning, classification algorithms, OPTUNA.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {44-60}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3418},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3418-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3418-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abdullah, Suhail Mahmoud and Atyia, Thamir Hass},  
title = {A review Optimum Control of DC Motor Using Genetic Algorithm}, 
abstract ={Optimal control of DC motors remains a critical research area in modern control systems, given their wide industrial applications and the need for accurate performance under variable conditions. This paper explores the application of genetic algorithms (GAs) to optimize the control parameters of DC motors, particularly PID controllers, with the goal of improving the dynamic response and robustness of DC motor systems. Compared to traditional constraint-based tuning methods, GAs, inspired by natural selection and evolution, offer comprehensive search capabilities that significantly improve parameter optimization, providing better speed regulation, reduced overshoot, and minimal steady-state error. This review highlights the key challenges faced when using GAs. Comparative results from various studies demonstrate that GA-based controllers consistently outperform traditional tuning methods in terms of stability, efficiency, and adaptability. Key findings related to energy consumption and stability are highlighted. It is essential to analyze the system performance in terms of rise time (tr), settling time (ts), overshoot ratio (Mp%), and steady-state error (Ess). A proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller provides a stable response by tuning its parameters according to a specific methodology using a genetic algorithm. This paper concludes by emphasizing the potential of genetic generators as a powerful and flexible optimization tool for intelligent control of DC motors.},  
Keywords = {Genetic algorithm (GA), PID control, DC Motor, Optimum technique, speed control.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {61-77}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3473},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3473-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3473-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kollati, Sivaprasad and Gudey, Satish Kumar},  
title = {Advanced Maximum Power Point Tracking and DC-DC Converter Design for Enhanced Efficiency in Standalone PV Systems}, 
abstract ={To maximize the efficiency of solar energy conversion into electricity, photovoltaic (PV) system optimization is crucial. This is especially true for off-grid solar installations in remote areas lacking grid access. In order to maximize energy extraction from freestanding PV systems, regardless of fluctuating external conditions, this research provides a modified DC-DC converter and a novel Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique. To ensure the photovoltaic (PV) system operates at full capacity despite rapid changes in weather conditions, the proposed solution utilizes the Modified Incremental Conductance MPPT algorithm that dynamically adjusts the system's operational parameters. Extensive simulations run in the MATLAB/Simulink platform confirm that the MPPT technique is efficient and effective. The proposed method outperforms traditional MPPT approaches in both convergence speed and output power stability. This research also develops a novel DC-DC converter to address the challenges given by the fluctuating solar irradiation. The modified DC-DC converter exhibits high gain and shorter settling time, and the improved MPPT method enhances the feasibility of deploying solar energy systems in off-grid and remote regions by enhancing the autonomy of standalone PV systems.},  
Keywords = {MPPT, PV Systems, Solar Systems, MATLAB, Renewable Energy, Zeta converter},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {78-89}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3499},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3499-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3499-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sistani, Tara and Kazemitabar, Seyed Jav},  
title = {Deep Learning Approach for Forest Fire Detection: A CNN Classification Model on the DeepFire Dataset}, 
abstract ={Forests play several vital roles in our lives and provide various resources. However, in recent years, the increasing frequency of wildfires has led to the widespread burning and destruction of many forests and wildlands. Therefore, detecting forest fires and finding suitable solutions to address this issue has become one of the critical challenges for researchers. Today, with the advancement of artificial intelligence, forest fire detection using deep learning is an important method with the aim of increasing the efficiency of forest fire detection and monitoring systems. In this article, a method based on a type of convolutional neural network called Xception is proposed for classifying forest fire images. In this method, transfer learning technique is used on the proposed neural network and a new classifier is designed for the problem. Also, various hyperparameters have been used to optimize the performance of the proposed model. The proposed method is performed on the DeepFire dataset, which contains 1900 images equally divided between fire and no-fire classes. The results obtained from the implementation of the proposed method show that this method with an accuracy of 99.47% has achieved a favorable performance in classifying forest fire images.},  
Keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Classification, Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Learning, Forest Fire Detection.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {90-104}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3601},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3601-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3601-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abdulwahid, Omar S and Muttlak, Saad G and Sexton, James and Kelly, Michael J and Missous, Mohame},  
title = {4-18 GHz Zero-Bias Asymmetrical Spacer Layer Tunnel Diode Detector}, 
abstract ={An analysis of 6×6 µm2 GaAs/AlAs Asymmetric Spacer Layer Tunnel diode has been conducted to evaluate the DC and RF characteristics at different bias conditions. At zero voltage operation, the diode exhibited a measured curvature coefficient of 22 V-1, corresponding to a junction resistance of 27 kΩ. The measured and simulated S11 reflection coefficient of the integrated detector including the diode, matching circuit, and output capacitance achieved to be less than -10 dB at the desired frequency. The extracted low series resistance and junction capacitance of the tunnel diode resulted a high voltage sensitivity of 3650 V/W and low noise equivalent power of 5.5 pW/  at 11 GHz resonant frequency and -27 dBm input power. The developed detector model can be extended to implement RF detectors operating at frequencies reaching mm-wave regime applications. This is with consideration of the requirements for sub-micrometer scale mesa devices, eliminating the effects of associated parasitic elements and improved matching network performance.},  
Keywords = {ASPAT Detector, ADS Model, Reflection Coefficient, Noise Equivalent Power.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {105-114}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3641},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3641-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3641-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hashemi, Masoud and Kalantar, Mohse},  
title = {Optimal PMUs placement considering measurement Redundancy & Zero Injection Bus (ZIB) using multi-objective Harris Hawks optimization algorithm}, 
abstract ={The basis of the extensive measurement systems is based on the placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the power grids. With the ever increasing expansion of electric energy consumption and the emergence of the phenomenon of restructuring in power grids and the existence of problems such as extensive blackouts of the power grid has increased the desire of power grid operators to use a wide area monitoring system (WAMS). This paper discusses the problem of optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power grids, which is a critical issue for the reliable and safe operation of power systems. We proposed a multi-objective binary optimization algorithm called the Multi-Objective Binary Harris Hawks Optimization algorithm based on Region selection (MOBHHO/R) to solve this problem. One of the most important innovations of the proposed algorithm is to draw inspiration from feature called a repository or archive to store optimal responses at each stage of the simulation. The algorithm aims to minimize the number of PMUs required while maximizing the observability of the power grids. The proposed algorithm is implemented on the standard IEEE 14 and 30 bus power systems, and the results show its superiority compared to other algorithms.},  
Keywords = {Optimal PMU Placement, Harris Hawks Optimization, multi-objective optimization algorithm, Observability.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {115-126}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3690},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3690-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3690-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sezavar, Hamid Reza and Hasanzadeh, Saee},  
title = {Design and Simulation of Marx Generators for Sustainable Hydrogen Production: A Focus on Stray Impedance Management}, 
abstract ={Marx generators that produce output pulses in the range of a few kilovolts (kV) with energies of a few millijoules (mJ) and rise times of a few nanoseconds (ns) have a variety of applications, including enhancing hydrogen production through electrolysis. In these generators, bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) operating in avalanche breakdown mode are employed as switches. This study explores the use of transistors specifically designed for avalanche breakdown to improve hydrogen generation efficiency from renewable energy sources. For this purpose, the FMMT415 transistor was implemented in the generator. The designed circuit was simulated with the transistors in avalanche breakdown mode, and the effects of various parameters on the output voltage were examined, particularly in the context of optimizing electrolysis performance. Based on the simulation results, the circuit was constructed and tested, and the differences in transistor parameters were evaluated. The simulation outcomes were then compared with the actual results. From these investigations, criteria were developed to determine the parameters that ensure suitable output voltage for Marx generator applications in hydrogen production. The optimal number of stages for the Marx generator was estimated based on the findings, highlighting its potential role in advancing sustainable hydrogen energy systems.},  
Keywords = {Avalanche breakdown mode, Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), Circuit simulation, Hydrogen production, Marx generator, Plasma Science, Pulse generation.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {127-140}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3708},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3708-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3708-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Eesazadeh, Mohammad Reza and Nasiri-Gheidari, Zahr},  
title = {Facilitating Winding Design and Performance Evaluation of WR Synchro}, 
abstract ={This research focuses on electromagnetic position sensors, particularly synchros, which play a crucial role in the closed-loop control systems of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). Compared to two-phase resolvers, three-phase synchros provide enhanced reliability by ensuring continued operation even in the event of an open-circuit fault. One of the key challenges in designing such sensors lies in selecting optimal windings and configurations while also developing efficient modeling techniques to minimize computational complexity. To address this issue, the study introduces a matrix-based method for designing wound rotor (WR) synchros. This approach allows for flexible configurations depending on the number of pole pairs and stator tooth counts. The proposed design methodology ensures adaptability and precision, making it a valuable tool for engineers working on electromagnetic sensor development. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the Field Reconstruction Method (FRM) is employed, providing a fast and accurate modeling technique that can be implemented using MATLAB. Additionally, a comparative analysis is conducted with finite element analysis (FEA) to confirm the accuracy and reliability of the approach. Results demonstrate that the matrix-based method is an efficient and effective solution for optimizing WR synchro designs, significantly improving performance and computational efficiency.},  
Keywords = {Analytical model, finite element method (FEM), synchro, wound rotor (WR).},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {141-150}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3792},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3792-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3792-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Arabsadegh, Mahdi and doroudi, aref},  
title = {Resilience-Oriented Restoration After Storm-Induced Failures Using Genetic Algorithm and Probabilistic Circuit Breaker Modeling}, 
abstract ={This paper presents an advanced methodology for post-storm power system restoration. A real-time Condition Index (CI)-based classification scheme is introduced to categorize circuit breakers into high-reliability (Type A) and moderate-reliability (Type B) groups. Leveraging this classification, a genetic algorithm (GA) optimizes microgrid configurations to maximize power restoration probabilities by explicitly modeling the stochastic failure risks associated with circuit breakers under severe weather conditions. The approach was validated on the IEEE 118-bus system with five critical breakers deactivated due to storm conditions. The GA achieved a 92.5% load restoration after 200 iterations, surpassing a baseline Monte Carlo simulation that attained 85.2%. Computational efficiency was significantly improved, reducing execution time to approximately 15 minutes compared to 60 minutes for traditional methods, with enhanced accuracy indicated by a 1.8% error margin versus 7.5%. Key contributions include utilizing live CI data for dynamic breaker classification, which resulted in a 20% reduction in computational time, and demonstrating scalability and effectiveness on large-scale test systems such as the 118-bus network. The methodology's performance decreases to 78.3% load restoration when more than 14 breakers are compromised. Future research will focus on integrating detailed storm modeling—including wind speed profiles—and incorporating renewable energy resources to enhance grid resilience.},  
Keywords = {resilience, Genetic Algorithm, Condition Index, probabilistic modeling, microgrids, storm-induced failures, load restoration.},
volume = {21},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {151-168}, 
publisher = {Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST)},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.22068/IJEEE.21.4.3860},
url = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3860-en.html},  
eprint = {http://ijeee.iust.ac.ir/article-1-3860-en.pdf},  
journal = {Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering},  
issn = {1735-2827}, 
eissn = {1735-2827}, 
year = {2025}  
}